Spatial assessment on health impact of atmospheric pollution in Makassar, Indonesia

¹ Gaza University, Gaza Strip, Palestina
² University of Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Parit Raja, Johor, Malaysia
³ School of Civil and Architectural Engineering, Nanchang Institute of Technology, Nanchang 330099, China
⁴ Malaysia Japan International Institute of Technology, University of Technology Malaysia Kuala Lumpur, 54100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
⁵ Kano University of Science and Technology, Wudil, Nigeria
⁶ Hasanuddin University, Makassar, South Sulawesi 90245, Indonesia
⁷ Polytechnic of Health Makassar, Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia

^* Corresponding author: w.madhom@gu.edu.ps

Abstract

There has been little discussion to date on air pollution and its potential relationship with health in Makassar, Indonesia. This study aims to create a starting point for this discussion by investigating existing data points and the potential correlation between ambient air pollution and health in Makassar, Indonesia. Six months of air quality data (July-December, 2018) on CO, SO2, NO2, O3, PM10, and PM2.5 were provided by the city and were analyzed alongside tuberculosis and pneumonia data provided by the hospital and community health centers in Makassar. Data were analyzed using principal component analysis, dendrogram, and some GIS mapping. Quantitative data from the USAID-funded Building Health Cities project were also used to help explain some of the quantitative findings. Results show that principal component analysis (PCA) gave three statistics factors having eigenvalues exceeding one, which account for 83% of the total variance in the dataset. The three factors accounted for a strong impact by CO, O3, SO2, PM10, and PM2.5 attributed to the incomplete combustion of fuel from automobiles, bush burning, and industrial emission. Air pollution-related illnesses such as tuberculosis and pneumonia are found to prevail in the area. Real-time air quality monitoring is required to benchmark the health impact of extreme conditions. This study also encourages urgent intervention by decision-makers to tackle the level of tuberculosis and pneumonia occurrence that may be favored by the poor air quality in Makassar.