Application of oil and dye flow visualization in incompressible turbomachinery flows

¹ Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL-STI-IGM-LTT, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
² Cranfield University, Department of Power and Propulsion, MK43 0AL, Bedfordshire, United Kingdom
³ AUTh, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece

^* Alexandros Terzis: aterzis@technion.ac.il
^† Pavlos K. Zachos: p.zachos@cranfield.ac.uk
^‡ Bernard A. Charnley: b.a.charnley@cranfield.ac.uk
^§ Anestis I. Kalfas: akalfas@auth.gr

Abstract

Flow visualization is one of many available tools in experimental fluid mechanics and is used from the primary stages of fluid mechanics research in order to identify the physical sizes and locations of the flow features under consideration. Most of the fluids used in engineering applications are transparent (water, air, etc) and flow visualization techniques are used in order to make their flow patterns visible. Simple flow visualization experiments are relatively inexpensive and they can be easily implemented providing with a first feeling of the characteristics of the flow domain. Subsequently, flow visualization techniques are of great applicability in complex flow fields and especially in turbomachinery applications where the flow is characterized by three dimensional and secondary flow patterns. In general, fluid motion can be visualized by surface flow visualization, by particle tracer methods or by optical methods. The former flow visualization technique reveals the streamlines of fluid flows around a solid surface. In this paper flow visualization techniques applied in two different cases of experimental testing (fans in crossflow and cascade experiment) are presented. In both cases, the mixture of paint was prepared using a highly volatile light mineral or heavy machine oil of viscosities of approximately 100cP and 200cP, respectively, together with very fine pigments of Titanium Dioxide (TiO₂) or fluorescein sodium in various colors. After the preparation of the mixture, a homogenous thin film was applied onto the whole plate surface by painting it with a soft brush. The air stream which flows over the surface of the plate, modifies the concentration and the homogeneity of the oil film, according to the flow conditions very close to the wall. The film was dried by the airflow and photographed for further consideration while the time taken for drying depended on the wind tunnel velocity as well as, on the pigmentation of the mixture. Successful and un-successful flow visualization tests are herein presented while each case is respectively commented as far as the mixtures, the proportions used and the application onto the rigs are concerned.