Advances in Nanomaterials: Types, Synthesis, and Manufacturing Methods

¹ Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Saint Petersburg 195251, Russian Federation
² Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
³ Department of Information Technology, GRIET, Bachupally, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
⁴ Uttaranchal University, Dehradun - 248007, India
⁵ Centre of Research Impact and Outcome, Chitkara University, Rajpura - 140417, Punjab, India
⁶ Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
⁷ Chitkara Centre for Research and Development, Chitkara University, Himachal Pradesh - 174103 India
⁸ Department of Chemistry, School of Basic Sciences, Bahra University, Waknaghat, Distt. Solan, HP-173234, India.
⁹ Faculty of Sciences, Research & Incubation Centre, Rayat Bahra University, Chandigarh- Ropar NH 205, Greater Mohali, Punjab, 140103, India

^* Corresponding author: orozhdestvenskiy@compmechlab.com

Abstract

By virtue of their unique properties at the nanoscale, nanomaterials have revolutionized the field of material science. The current work provides a thorough analysis of nanomaterials, classifying them into three main categories: nanoparticles, nanosolids, and nanoassembled systems. Further analysis of the classes is conducted based on their morphologies, chemical composition, and structural variety, which include carbon-based nanomaterials such as fullerene, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and graphene. Moreover, the synthesis and manufacturing techniques of nanomaterials are analyzed, with a particular focus on physical and chemical approaches. The methods highlighted for their ability to produce nanomaterials with a broad variety of applications include gas evaporation, vacuum condensation, sputtering, yeast-cell-based synthesis, and sol-gel processing. The major aim of this work is to provide a comprehensive guide on the classification, properties, and production techniques of nanomaterials, thereby enhancing comprehension of their importance in many scientific and practical domains.