Spatial patterns of PM_2.5 air pollution in Jakarta: Insights from mobile monitoring

¹ World Resources Institute Indonesia, Wisma PMI, Wijaya I Kebayoran Baru, Jakarta, Indonesia
² Environmental Defense Fund, 301 Congress Ave #1300, Austin, TX 78701, USA
³ World Resources Institute, 10 G Street NE, Suite 800, Washington D.C. 2002
⁴ Faculty of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Bandung Institute of Technology, Ganesha 10, Bandung, Indonesia

^* Corresponding author: fadhil.firdaus@wri.org

Abstract

A mobile air quality monitoring study in Jakarta was undertaken in 2022 by the Clean Air Catalyst consortium, in partnership with Google Earth Outreach and Aclima, taking air pollution measurements using four specially equipped Google Street View cars. This study aims to map street-level PM_2.5 pollution in a set of neighborhoods (polygons) throughout Jakarta to evaluate the variability caused by local emission sources and to observe the exposure to air pollution in areas with different income levels. To address these aims, we monitored the concentration five days a week, 8 am to 5 pm, from September to December in eight polygons, stratified to include high and low-income areas. The cars covered a distance of 7,750 km and at least 22 visits per location. PM_2.5 concentrations were measured at 1-second intervals using a light-scattering sensor. This high-resolution data collection allowed for detailed monitoring and analysis of concentrations in the study area. The measurements showed temporal variability consistent with meteorological and activity patterns in Jakarta, with higher measured concentrations in the morning compared to the afternoon at most polygons. Median concentrations varied by 2x - >5x within individual polygons, and this variability was particularly evident in the northern part of Jakarta, encompassing both high-income and low-income neighborhoods, where these areas are significantly affected by traffic and industrial activities. The results demonstrate the extent to which PM_2.5 concentrations and exposures within Jakarta neighborhoods depend on proximity to local air pollution sources.