Long-term trends of ozone precursors and ozone sensitivity in Jakarta Metropolitan Area: A view from space

¹ Agency for Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysics of the Republic of Indonesia (BMKG), Jakarta, Indonesia
² Department of Environment Systems, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
³ School of Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysics (STMKG), Agency for Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysics of the Republic of Indonesia (BMKG), South Tangerang, Indonesia
⁴ Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB), Jl. Ganesa No. 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
⁵ Center for Environmental Studies, Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB), Jl. Sangkuriang No.42 A, Bandung 40135, Indonesia

^* Corresponding author: sheila.dewi@bmkg.go.id

Abstract

Jakarta Metropolitan Area (JMA) is an urban agglomeration in Indonesia where the air quality has dramatically changed from relatively clean to polluted. Economic growth, increased population, and village-to-city expansion marked the development of Jakarta and the satellite cities surrounding it, such as Bogor, Depok, Tangerang, and Bekasi. In line with human activities, large amounts of air pollutants are emitted and affect human health and vegetation. Ozone (O₃) is a secondary air pollutant formed from volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and nitrogen oxides (NO_x). This study aims to investigate the long-term trend of ozone precursors and ozone sensitivity in JMA from space. Trends analysis is studied using quantile regression. We used NO₂ and formaldehyde (HCHO) column density from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) aboard Aura Satellite from 2011 to 2022. Ozone sensitivity is derived from the ratio of HCHO and NO₂ (FNR). The results show an upward trend in HCHO and a slight NO₂ downward over JMA. In general, FNR changed from a predominantly VOC-limited regime in urban JMA to a transitional regime suggesting control of VOC and NOx is needed to reduce ozone concentration. Meanwhile, FNR in suburban and rural areas such as Bogor is toward a more NO_x-limited regime.