Soft robotic technologies in smart seats for sustainable vehicles: A review

¹ Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Douliu 64002, Taiwan
² Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vocational College, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
³ Graduate Institute of Precision Manufacturing, National Chin‐Yi University of Technology, Taichung 411030, Taiwan
⁴ Master of Economic Science Study Program, Faculty of Economics, State University of Malang, Malang 65145, Indonesia
⁵ Department of Mechanical Engineering, Politeknik Negeri Batam, Kepulauan Riau 29461, Indonesia

^* Corresponding author: d11011003@yuntech.edu.tw or ilham_saputra@ugm.ac.id

Abstract

This review investigates the integration of soft robotics in smart vehicle seats to enhance comfort, rehabilitation, and sustainability in modern transportation systems. With the increasing adoption of electric and autonomous vehicles, adaptive seating systems are essential for ensuring ergonomic support, energy efficiency, and user-centered design. The review focuses on the role of pneumatic and electromechanical actuators in enabling precise adjustments, such as lumbar support, tilt, and height, to optimize passenger comfort and mobility. Additionally, technologies like exosuit- based support and sit-to-stand trainers offer critical assistance for individuals with physical impairments, improving their mobility and independence. Sustainability is addressed through the use of eco-friendly materials and low-energy actuators, reducing the environmental impact of vehicle interiors. A Systematic Literature Review (SLR) following PRISMA guidelines was conducted, initially identifying 42 articles from the Web of Science (WOS) database. After rigorous screening, 8 articles were selected for detailed analysis, categorized into three themes: comfort and rehabilitation, actuation mechanisms, and sustainable seat design. The findings provide insights into current trends, technological challenges, and future opportunities in soft robotic seating systems, offering guidance for the development of intelligent, adaptive, and sustainable vehicle interiors.