Forest fires in Greece: Environmental impacts and restoration methods

School of Applied Arts and Sustainable Design, Hellenic Open University 263 35 Patras, Greece

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Abstract

Forest fires are among the most severe environmental phenomena worldwide with increasing intensity and frequency over recent decades. Beyond the immediate destruction of vegetation, they release significant amounts of carbon dioxide (CO₂) into the atmosphere, thereby intensifying climate change. This phenomenon affects not only forest ecosystems but also the environment’s capacity to act as a carbon sink. This study aims to estimate CO₂ emissions resulting from forest fires in Greece during 2000–2024. The analysis includes all thirteen administrative regions of the country and explores the relationship between burned area, vegetation type, and CO₂ emission levels. The methodology was based on fire data, land cover classification, and appropriate emission factors. Findings show that vegetation type and biomass density are key drivers of CO₂ emissions. Regions with dense and highly flammable vegetation recorded the highest values, while shrublands and broadleaf forests generally produced lower emissions of CO₂. The years 2007, 2021, and 2023 were identified as the years with the greatest environmental impact. The study highlights the need for prevention and restoration strategies tailored to each region’s ecological profile. Strengthening local resilience and promoting sustainable land management can significantly contribute to reducing emissions and mitigating the long-term impacts of wildfires.