Evaluation of Indoor Air and Natural Ventilation Complexity in Hospital Wards in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC.)

^1. University of Coimbra, ADAI, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rua Luís Reis Santos, Pólo II, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal.
^2. Itecons—Institute for Research and Technological Development in Construction, Energy, Environment and Sustainability, Rua Pedro Hispano, 3030-289 Coimbra, Portugal
^3. Indoor Environmental Quality Lab, School of Architecture, Design and Planning, The University of Sydney, Australia
^4. New Horizons University Department of Architectural Route Kasapa 2465, Gambela, Lubumbashi, DRC.
^5. Official University of Mbuji-Mayi Department of Civil Engineering, Av Kalonji no 27, Q/ Kansele, Mbuji-Mayi Kasai- oriental, DRC

^* Correspondence: kapuyanyembwe@efs.uc.pt; Tel.: +4560572392

Abstract

This study critically evaluates indoor air quality (IAQ) and natural ventilation systems in Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) hospital wards, which are crucial for patient and hospital staff health. Parameters such as temperature, humidity, particulate matter (PM), carbon dioxide (CO2), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are analyzed to understand IAQ complexity. The study, conducted in two hospitals near mining areas, assesses the IAQ parameters during the dry season and employs statistical analyses to define the correlations between indoor and outdoor climate conditions. Findings reveal higher CO2 concentrations, VOC indices, PM2.5, and PM10 levels surpassing WHO standards in University Clinics of Lubumbashi (UCL) and University Clinics of Mbuji-Mayi (UCMM) inpatient wards, particularly during specific activities like visiting hours. Evaluation of ventilation systems highlights insufficient air changes per hour (ACH) compared to recommended healthcare norms, underscoring the pressing need for improved ventilation strategies. However, the study acknowledges limitations arising from its focus on two selected wards, potentially limiting the representativeness of IAQ across diverse healthcare settings in the region. Nevertheless, the research emphasizes the critical significance of IAQ in healthcare environments, advocating for enhanced ventilation, improved air filtration, and robust health protocols to ensure the safety of patients and healthcare workers, particularly in resource-limited contexts like the DRC.