Dynamic Thermal Adaptive Façades: A Comparative Review of Existing Taxonomies

¹ NOVA School of Science and Technology, Department of Civil Engineering, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
² Centre of Technology and Systems/UNINOVA, Department of Civil Engineering, NOVA School of Science and Technology, 2829- 516 Caparica, Portugal
³ CERIS-NOVA, Department of Civil Engineering, NOVA School of Science and Technology, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
⁴ Laboratório Nacional de Energia e Geologia, Campus do Lumiar, 1649-038 Lumiar, Portugal

^* Corresponding author: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

Abstract

The development of adaptive façades with dynamic thermal behaviour represents a promising pathway to enhance building energy performance, particularly in Mediterranean climates. However, the scientific literature reveals a wide array of technologies and approaches, often categorized using inconsistent or overlapping criteria. This paper aims to critically analyse and compare existing classification systems for thermal adaptive façade technologies — specifically those involving movable or switchable insulation components. Drawing on an extensive literature review, including conceptual studies, numerical simulations, and commercial product analyses, the study identifies core classification parameters such as operational nature (passive, hybrid, active), thermal regulation mechanism (airflow control vs. insulation variability), and response scale (macro, micro, nano). It highlights ambiguities in the use of expressions like “dynamic insulation”, often applied inconsistently across different contexts. The paper proposes a refined taxonomy to improve clarity and enable comparative analysis, facilitating more structured scientific communication and future development of modular adaptive façades. The findings aim to support researchers, designers, and policymakers in selecting and optimizing façade technologies adapted to evolving climate challenges and performance standards in sustainable building design.