| Issue |
E3S Web Conf.
Volume 706, 2026
3rd International Conference on Environment, Green Technology, and Digital Society (INTERCONNECTS 2025)
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Article Number | 03002 | |
| Number of page(s) | 8 | |
| Section | ICT and Computer Science | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202670603002 | |
| Published online | 21 April 2026 | |
Designing a Cost-Effective IoT System for Water-Efficient Hydroponic NFT Farming: A Frugal Innovation Approach
Politeknik Negeri Samarinda, Samarinda, Indonesia
* Corresponding author: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
Abstract
The increasing demand for sustainable and resource-efficient food production has accelerated the integration of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies into hydroponic cultivation systems. This study develops and evaluates a cost-effective IoT-enabled Nutrient Film Technique (NFT) prototype grounded in a frugal innovation framework. The system incorporates an ESP32-based printed circuit board integrated with DHT22 temperature–humidity sensors, TDS and pH sensors, and dual relay modules for automated pump regulation. Real-time environmental and nutrient data are transmitted to a mobile IoT dashboard to enable continuous monitoring and adaptive control. Experimental testing under simulated greenhouse conditions demonstrated stable automation performance, improved thermal stability (temperature fluctuation reduced from ±6°C to ±2°C), and consistent nutrient concentrations within optimal thresholds (pH 5.8–6.5; TDS 900–1100 ppm). The closed-loop control mechanism enhanced irrigation precision and system responsiveness. These findings substantiate the prototype’s technical feasibility, operational reliability, and cost-effectiveness, highlighting its potential contribution to scalable, precision-oriented, and sustainable hydroponic production systems.
© The Authors, published by EDP Sciences, 2026
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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