Environmental impacts of photovoltaic module recycling: Technologies, carbon footprint and sustainability aspects

Technical University of Sofia, Faculty of Power Engineering and Power Machines, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria

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Abstract

This review examines the environmental impacts associated with the recycling of photovoltaic (PV) modules based solely on published scientific literature. The analysis summarizes the results of life cycle assessment (LCA) studies for c‑Si, CdTe, CIGS, and recently developed perovskite technologies. Key indicators such as carbon footprint, emissions, energy consumption, material recovery rates, and avoided impacts are evaluated. The results from the literature demonstrate significant variations due to differences in recycling routes, technological conditions, and system boundaries. High-purity recovery processes are typically associated with lower environmental impacts, while some thermal or chemical treatments may generate additional impacts, particularly when energy-intensive or involving heavy use of reagents. The review evaluates the role of the EU WEEE Directive in guiding recycling practices and reporting requirements. In general, available data indicates that the recycling of PV modules provides environmental benefits, but more consistent and widespread information is needed to support reliable and comparable conclusions.