Assessment of Salt status in the Moroccan population based on food frequency questionnaire & 24-hour dietary recall

Anass Rami; Amina Bouziani; Mohamed Idrissi; Arthur Georges Assako Akom; Jahdiel Kossou; Mohammed El Mzibri; Naima Safsaf; Asmae El Hamdouchi; Imane Menachawy Benjelloun; Kaoutar Benjeddou; Khalid El Kari; Naima Saeid; Hassan Aguenaou

doi:10.1051/e3sconf/202131902003

All issues

Volume 319 (2021)

E3S Web Conf., 319 (2021) 02003

References

Open Access

Issue		E3S Web Conf. Volume 319, 2021 International Congress on Health Vigilance (VIGISAN 2021)


Article Number		02003
Number of page(s)		8
Section		Methods, Tools and Techniques in Health Vigilance
DOI		https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202131902003
Published online		24 November 2021

S. K. Ha, M.D. Dietary Salt Intake and Hypertension. Elect & BP 12:7-18, (2014) [Google Scholar]
B. David, R. Jean, Manual of Nutrition, London, Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, p37-38, (1981) [Google Scholar]
He FJ, Macgregor GA, Reducing population salt intake worldwide: From evidence to implementation. Prog CV dis 52:363-382, (2010). [Google Scholar]
World Cancer Research Fund International/American Institute for Cancer Research. Continuous Update Project Report: Diet, Nutrition, Physical Activity and Stomach Cancer. (2016). [Google Scholar]
F.M. Sacks, L.P. Svetkey, W.M. Vollmer, L.J. Appel, G.A. Bray, D. Harsha, E. Obarzanek, P.R. Conlin, E.R. Miller, D.G. Simons-Morton, Effects on blood pressure of reduced dietary sodium and the dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH) diet. N. Engl. J. Med., 344, 3–10, (2001) [Google Scholar]
WHO. Global action plan for the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases 2013-2020. (2013). [Google Scholar]
World Health Organization: Reducing salt intake in populations. Report of WHO Forum and Technical Meeting, Paris, (2006) [Google Scholar]
WHO. Salt Reduction. Available online: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs393/en/ (accessed on 26 May 2017)). [Google Scholar]
J.L. Webster, E.K. Dunford, C. Hawkes, B.C. Neal, Salt reduction initiatives around the world. J Hypertens; 29(6):1043–50. (2011). [Google Scholar]
World Health Organization. Reducing salt intake in populations: report of a WHO forum and technical meeting 5–7 October 2006 Paris, France. France: World Health Organization. (2007) [Google Scholar]
World Health Organization. Guideline: Sodium intake for adults and children, (2012). [Google Scholar]
World Health Organization. Healthy Diet. Available online: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs394/en/ (2020). [Google Scholar]
P. Strazzullo, Salt intake, stroke, and cardiovascular disease: meta-analysis of prospective studies. BMJ; 339:b4567 (2009) [Google Scholar]
J. Stamler, Dietary salt and bood pressure. Ann N Y Acad Sci;6: 122-156. (1993) [Google Scholar]
World Health Organization. Noncommunicable diseases country profiles 2018. Geneva: World Health Organization;. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO;(2018). [Google Scholar]
A. Ditisheim, E. Muradbegovic, M. Bochud, M. Burnier, A. Pechère-Bertschi. Impact de la consommation de sel sur la santé: les croyances de la population suisse. Rev Med Suisse; 9: 1613-6. (2013) [Google Scholar]
J.J. Polonia; M.T. Magalhaes; D. Senra; L. Barbosa; J.A. Silva, S.M. Ribeiro, Association of 24-h urinary salt excretion with central haemodynamics and assessment of food categories contributing to salt consumption in Portuguese patients with hypertension. Blood Press. Monit, 18, 303–310. (2013) [Google Scholar]
E. Menyanu, K.E. Charlton, L.J. Ware, J. Russell, R. Biritwum, P. Kowal, Salt Use Behaviours of Ghanaians and South Africans: A Comparative Study of Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices. Nutrients, 9, 939;(2017) [Google Scholar]
N.M. Marrero, F.J. He, P. Whincup, G.A. MacGregor, Salt Intake of Children and Adolescents in South London Consumption Levels and Dietary Sources. Hypertension; 63:1026–1032. (2014) [Google Scholar]
C. Amrouche, O. Berriche, R. Ben Othman, F. Mahjoub, K. Halloumi, F. Chaima, S. Bhouri, A. Gammoudi, H. Jamoussi, Salt intake in a group of Tunisian obeses. Alex J Med (2017) [Google Scholar]
M.M. Zaman, S.R. Choudhury, J. Ahmed, R.K. Khandaker, M.A. Rouf, A. Malik, Salt Intake, Overweight, and High Blood Pressure, With Special Reference to Sex Difference. GLOBAL HEART, 12, 3, (2017) [Google Scholar]
I. Nigrou. L’OMS tire la sonnette d’alarme: Marocains, vous consommez trop, beaucoup trop de sel. Aujourd’hui Le Maroc (2016). [Google Scholar]
World Health Organization, Physical status: the use and interpretation of anthropometry. Report of a WHO expert committee technical, Report Series. 854, (1995). [Google Scholar]
I.H. Rutishauser. Dietary intake measurements. Public Health Nutr., 8, 1100–1107. (2005). [Google Scholar]
A. Uzan, P. Delaveau. The salt content of food: a public health problem. Ann Pharm Fr; 67:291–294. (2009). [Google Scholar]
S.K. Ha M.D., Dietary Salt Intake and Hypertension. Electrolyte Blood Press 12: 7-18, (2014) [Google Scholar]
Y. Erdem, T. Akpolat, Ü. Derici, S. Sengül, S. Ertürk, S. Ulusoy, B. Altun, M. Arici, Dietary Sources of High Sodium Intake in Turkey: SALTURK II. Nutrients, 9, 933; (2017). [Google Scholar]
J. Cade, R. Thompson, V. Burley, D. Warm, Development, validation and utilisation of food-frequency questionnaires - a review. Public Health Nutr, 5:567–587. (2002). [Google Scholar]
P.F. Jacques, S.I. Sulsky, J.A. Sadowski, J.C. Phillips, D. Rush, W.C. Willett, Comparison of micronutrient intake measured by a dietary questionnaire and biochemical indicators of micronutrient status. Am J Clin Nutr, 57: 182–189;(1993) [Google Scholar]
J.A. Santos, J. Webster, M.A. Land, V. Flood, J. Chalmers, M. Woodward, B. Neal, K.S. Petersen, Dietary salt intake in the Australian population. Public Health Nutrition, Volume 20, Issue 11, August 2017, pp. 1887 – 1894. (2017) [Google Scholar]
M.R. Leyvraz, P. Bovet, M. Bochud, B. Genin, M. Russo, M.F. Rossier, R. Tabin, A. Chiolero, Estimation of salt intake and excretion in children in one region of Switzerland: A cross-sectional study. European Journal of Nutrition, 58(7),2921-2928 (2018). [Google Scholar]
H.N. Rivas, I.H. Schumacher, A.B. Metzler, M.M. Campos, N.C. Saborio, K.B. Aguilar, Salt/Sodium Intake Estimation in Children and Adolescents of Costa Rica. Food and Nutrition Sciences. Vol.11 No.10(2020), Article ID:103612,23 pages (2020). [Google Scholar]
N. Mokhtar, H. Belhadj, D. Kress, A. Zerrari, N. Chaouki, Food-fortification program in Morocco. Food Nutr Bull, 22(4):427–30. (2001) [Google Scholar]
Y. Erdem, T. Akpolat, Ü Derici, S. Şengül, S. Ertürk, S. Ulusoy, B. Altun, M. Arıcı, Dietary Sources of High Sodium Intake in Turkey: SALTURK II, Nutrients, 9,(9), p. E933, (2017) [Google Scholar]
J. Quilez, J.S Salvado, Salt in bread in Europe: Potential benefits of reduction. Nutr, 70, 666–678. (2012) [Google Scholar]
N. Wilson, N. Nghiem, S. Ryan, C. Cleghorn, N. Nair, T. Blakey, Designing low-cost “heart healthy bread”: Optimization using linear programing and 15-country comparison. BMC Nutr, 2. (2016) [Google Scholar]
B.C. Nwanguma, C.H. Okorie, Salt (sodium chloride) content of retail samples of Nigerian white bread: Implications for the daily salt intake of normotensive and hypertensive adults. J. Hum. Nutr, 26, 488–493. (2013) [Google Scholar]
K.E. Charlton, K. Steyn, N.S. Levitt, J.V. Zulu, D. Jonathan, F.J. Veldman, J.H. Nel. Diet and blood pressure in South Africa: Intake of foods containing sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium in three ethnic groups. Nutrition. 2005 Jan; 21(1):39-50. (2005) [Google Scholar]
C. Amrouche, O. Berriche, R. Ben Othman, F. Mahjoub, K. Halloumi, F. Chaima, S. Bhouri, A. Gammoudi, H. Jamoussi, Salt intake in a group of Tunisian obeses. Alexandria University Faculty of Medicine. (2017) [Google Scholar]
C.A. Grimes, L.J. Riddell, C.A. Nowson, Consumer knowledge and attitudes to salt intake and labelled salt information. 2009 Elsevier Ltd. (2009) [Google Scholar]
E. Menyanu, K.E. Charlton, L.J. Ware, J. Russell, R. Biritwum, P. Kowal, Salt Use Behaviours of Ghanaians and South Africans: A Comparative Study of Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices. Nutrients 2017, 9, 939; (2017) [Google Scholar]
K. Gudrun, M. Paulussen, E. Van de Mieroop, M.C. De Wolf, L. Godderis, M. Uytterhoeven, Estimation of salt intake by the Belgian population through analysis of sodium in 24-hour urine samples. Report No.: 2015/ MRG/R/0208 (2015). [Google Scholar]
World Health Organisation. WHO Expert Consultation on Salt as a Vehicle for Fortification; WHO: Geneva, Switzerland, (2007). [Google Scholar]
J.L. Webster, E.K. Dunford, C. Hawkes, B.C. Neal, Salt reduction initiatives around the world. J. Hypertens. 2011, 29, 1043–1050. (2011). [Google Scholar]

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[1] S. K. Ha, M.D. Dietary Salt Intake and Hypertension. Elect & BP 12:7-18, (2014) [Google Scholar]

[2] B. David, R. Jean, Manual of Nutrition, London, Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, p37-38, (1981) [Google Scholar]

[3] He FJ, Macgregor GA, Reducing population salt intake worldwide: From evidence to implementation. Prog CV dis 52:363-382, (2010). [Google Scholar]

[4] World Cancer Research Fund International/American Institute for Cancer Research. Continuous Update Project Report: Diet, Nutrition, Physical Activity and Stomach Cancer. (2016). [Google Scholar]

[5] F.M. Sacks, L.P. Svetkey, W.M. Vollmer, L.J. Appel, G.A. Bray, D. Harsha, E. Obarzanek, P.R. Conlin, E.R. Miller, D.G. Simons-Morton, Effects on blood pressure of reduced dietary sodium and the dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH) diet. N. Engl. J. Med., 344, 3–10, (2001) [Google Scholar]

[6] WHO. Global action plan for the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases 2013-2020. (2013). [Google Scholar]

[7] World Health Organization: Reducing salt intake in populations. Report of WHO Forum and Technical Meeting, Paris, (2006) [Google Scholar]

[8] WHO. Salt Reduction. Available online: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs393/en/ (accessed on 26 May 2017)). [Google Scholar]

[9] J.L. Webster, E.K. Dunford, C. Hawkes, B.C. Neal, Salt reduction initiatives around the world. J Hypertens; 29(6):1043–50. (2011). [Google Scholar]

[10] World Health Organization. Reducing salt intake in populations: report of a WHO forum and technical meeting 5–7 October 2006 Paris, France. France: World Health Organization. (2007) [Google Scholar]

[11] World Health Organization. Guideline: Sodium intake for adults and children, (2012). [Google Scholar]

[12] World Health Organization. Healthy Diet. Available online: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs394/en/ (2020). [Google Scholar]

[13] P. Strazzullo, Salt intake, stroke, and cardiovascular disease: meta-analysis of prospective studies. BMJ; 339:b4567 (2009) [Google Scholar]

[14] J. Stamler, Dietary salt and bood pressure. Ann N Y Acad Sci;6: 122-156. (1993) [Google Scholar]

[15] World Health Organization. Noncommunicable diseases country profiles 2018. Geneva: World Health Organization;. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO;(2018). [Google Scholar]

[16] A. Ditisheim, E. Muradbegovic, M. Bochud, M. Burnier, A. Pechère-Bertschi. Impact de la consommation de sel sur la santé: les croyances de la population suisse. Rev Med Suisse; 9: 1613-6. (2013) [Google Scholar]

[17] J.J. Polonia; M.T. Magalhaes; D. Senra; L. Barbosa; J.A. Silva, S.M. Ribeiro, Association of 24-h urinary salt excretion with central haemodynamics and assessment of food categories contributing to salt consumption in Portuguese patients with hypertension. Blood Press. Monit, 18, 303–310. (2013) [Google Scholar]

[18] E. Menyanu, K.E. Charlton, L.J. Ware, J. Russell, R. Biritwum, P. Kowal, Salt Use Behaviours of Ghanaians and South Africans: A Comparative Study of Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices. Nutrients, 9, 939;(2017) [Google Scholar]

[19] N.M. Marrero, F.J. He, P. Whincup, G.A. MacGregor, Salt Intake of Children and Adolescents in South London Consumption Levels and Dietary Sources. Hypertension; 63:1026–1032. (2014) [Google Scholar]

[20] C. Amrouche, O. Berriche, R. Ben Othman, F. Mahjoub, K. Halloumi, F. Chaima, S. Bhouri, A. Gammoudi, H. Jamoussi, Salt intake in a group of Tunisian obeses. Alex J Med (2017) [Google Scholar]

[21] M.M. Zaman, S.R. Choudhury, J. Ahmed, R.K. Khandaker, M.A. Rouf, A. Malik, Salt Intake, Overweight, and High Blood Pressure, With Special Reference to Sex Difference. GLOBAL HEART, 12, 3, (2017) [Google Scholar]

[22] I. Nigrou. L’OMS tire la sonnette d’alarme: Marocains, vous consommez trop, beaucoup trop de sel. Aujourd’hui Le Maroc (2016). [Google Scholar]

[23] World Health Organization, Physical status: the use and interpretation of anthropometry. Report of a WHO expert committee technical, Report Series. 854, (1995). [Google Scholar]

[24] I.H. Rutishauser. Dietary intake measurements. Public Health Nutr., 8, 1100–1107. (2005). [Google Scholar]

[25] A. Uzan, P. Delaveau. The salt content of food: a public health problem. Ann Pharm Fr; 67:291–294. (2009). [Google Scholar]

[26] S.K. Ha M.D., Dietary Salt Intake and Hypertension. Electrolyte Blood Press 12: 7-18, (2014) [Google Scholar]

[27] Y. Erdem, T. Akpolat, Ü. Derici, S. Sengül, S. Ertürk, S. Ulusoy, B. Altun, M. Arici, Dietary Sources of High Sodium Intake in Turkey: SALTURK II. Nutrients, 9, 933; (2017). [Google Scholar]

[28] J. Cade, R. Thompson, V. Burley, D. Warm, Development, validation and utilisation of food-frequency questionnaires - a review. Public Health Nutr, 5:567–587. (2002). [Google Scholar]

[29] P.F. Jacques, S.I. Sulsky, J.A. Sadowski, J.C. Phillips, D. Rush, W.C. Willett, Comparison of micronutrient intake measured by a dietary questionnaire and biochemical indicators of micronutrient status. Am J Clin Nutr, 57: 182–189;(1993) [Google Scholar]

[30] J.A. Santos, J. Webster, M.A. Land, V. Flood, J. Chalmers, M. Woodward, B. Neal, K.S. Petersen, Dietary salt intake in the Australian population. Public Health Nutrition, Volume 20, Issue 11, August 2017, pp. 1887 – 1894. (2017) [Google Scholar]

[31] M.R. Leyvraz, P. Bovet, M. Bochud, B. Genin, M. Russo, M.F. Rossier, R. Tabin, A. Chiolero, Estimation of salt intake and excretion in children in one region of Switzerland: A cross-sectional study. European Journal of Nutrition, 58(7),2921-2928 (2018). [Google Scholar]

[32] H.N. Rivas, I.H. Schumacher, A.B. Metzler, M.M. Campos, N.C. Saborio, K.B. Aguilar, Salt/Sodium Intake Estimation in Children and Adolescents of Costa Rica. Food and Nutrition Sciences. Vol.11 No.10(2020), Article ID:103612,23 pages (2020). [Google Scholar]

[33] N. Mokhtar, H. Belhadj, D. Kress, A. Zerrari, N. Chaouki, Food-fortification program in Morocco. Food Nutr Bull, 22(4):427–30. (2001) [Google Scholar]

[34] Y. Erdem, T. Akpolat, Ü Derici, S. Şengül, S. Ertürk, S. Ulusoy, B. Altun, M. Arıcı, Dietary Sources of High Sodium Intake in Turkey: SALTURK II, Nutrients, 9,(9), p. E933, (2017) [Google Scholar]

[35] J. Quilez, J.S Salvado, Salt in bread in Europe: Potential benefits of reduction. Nutr, 70, 666–678. (2012) [Google Scholar]

[36] N. Wilson, N. Nghiem, S. Ryan, C. Cleghorn, N. Nair, T. Blakey, Designing low-cost “heart healthy bread”: Optimization using linear programing and 15-country comparison. BMC Nutr, 2. (2016) [Google Scholar]

[37] B.C. Nwanguma, C.H. Okorie, Salt (sodium chloride) content of retail samples of Nigerian white bread: Implications for the daily salt intake of normotensive and hypertensive adults. J. Hum. Nutr, 26, 488–493. (2013) [Google Scholar]

[38] K.E. Charlton, K. Steyn, N.S. Levitt, J.V. Zulu, D. Jonathan, F.J. Veldman, J.H. Nel. Diet and blood pressure in South Africa: Intake of foods containing sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium in three ethnic groups. Nutrition. 2005 Jan; 21(1):39-50. (2005) [Google Scholar]

[39] C. Amrouche, O. Berriche, R. Ben Othman, F. Mahjoub, K. Halloumi, F. Chaima, S. Bhouri, A. Gammoudi, H. Jamoussi, Salt intake in a group of Tunisian obeses. Alexandria University Faculty of Medicine. (2017) [Google Scholar]

[40] C.A. Grimes, L.J. Riddell, C.A. Nowson, Consumer knowledge and attitudes to salt intake and labelled salt information. 2009 Elsevier Ltd. (2009) [Google Scholar]

[41] E. Menyanu, K.E. Charlton, L.J. Ware, J. Russell, R. Biritwum, P. Kowal, Salt Use Behaviours of Ghanaians and South Africans: A Comparative Study of Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices. Nutrients 2017, 9, 939; (2017) [Google Scholar]

[42] K. Gudrun, M. Paulussen, E. Van de Mieroop, M.C. De Wolf, L. Godderis, M. Uytterhoeven, Estimation of salt intake by the Belgian population through analysis of sodium in 24-hour urine samples. Report No.: 2015/ MRG/R/0208 (2015). [Google Scholar]

[43] World Health Organisation. WHO Expert Consultation on Salt as a Vehicle for Fortification; WHO: Geneva, Switzerland, (2007). [Google Scholar]

[44] J.L. Webster, E.K. Dunford, C. Hawkes, B.C. Neal, Salt reduction initiatives around the world. J. Hypertens. 2011, 29, 1043–1050. (2011). [Google Scholar]