Co-combustion of Spirulina (Arthrospira) platensis and waste at a 30/70 mass ratio in a fluidized-bed combustor: Residual ash characteristics, potential issues, and utilization

Open Access

Issue		E3S Web Conf. Volume 695, 2026 2^nd International Conference on Sustainable Chemistry (ICSChem 2025)


Article Number		01006
Number of page(s)		8
Section		Energy
DOI		https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202669501006
Published online		24 February 2026

Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi (BPPT), OUTLOOK ENERGI INDONESIA 2021 Perspektif Teknologi Energi Indonesia: Tenaga Surya untuk Penyediaan Energi Charging Station, (2021) [Google Scholar]
M.S. Ghayal, M.T. Pandya, Microalgae Biomass: A Renewable Source of Energy, Energy Procedia. 32, 242–250 (2013). doi:10.1016/J.EGYPRO.2013.05.031. [Google Scholar]
L. Carmo-Calado, M.J. Hermoso-Orzáez, R. Mota-Panizio, B. Guilherme-Garcia, P. Brito, Co-Combustion of Waste Tires and Plastic-Rubber Wastes with Biomass Technical and Environmental Analysis, Sustainability 2020, Vol. 12, Page 1036. 1036 (2020). doi:10.3390/SU12031036. [Google Scholar]
H. Lu, E. Ip, J. Scott, P. Foster, M. Vickers, L.L. Baxter, Effects of particle shape and size on devolatilization of biomass particle, Fuel. 89, 1156–1168 (2010). doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2008.10.023. [Google Scholar]
P.O. Okekunle, H. Watanabe, T. Pattanotai, K. Okazaki, Effect of biomass size and aspect ratio on intra-particle tar decomposition during wood cylinder pyrolysis, Journal of Thermal Science and Technology. 7, 1–15 (2012). doi:10.1299/jtst.7.1. [Google Scholar]
Sukarni, Sumarli, P. Puspitasari, H. Suryanto, R.F. Wati, Physicochemical characteristics of various inorganic combustible solid waste (ICSW) mixed as sustainable solid fuel, in: AIP Conf. Proc., 2017: p. 020066. doi:10.1063/1.5003549. [Google Scholar]
S. Sukarni, U. Yanuhar, I.N.G. Wardana, S. Sudjito, N. Hamidi, W. Wijayanti, Y. Wibisono, S. Sumarli, I.M. Nauri, H. Suryanto, Combustion of Microalgae Nannochloropsis oculata Biomass: Cellular Macromolecular and Mineralogical Content Changes During Thermal Decomposition, Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology. 40, 1456–1463 (2018). doi:10.14456/sjst-psu.2018.178. [Google Scholar]
A. Lecellier, J. Mounier, V. Gaydou, L. Castrec, G. Barbier, W. Ablain, M. Manfait, D. Toubas, G.D. Sockalingum, Differentiation and identification of filamentous fungi by high-throughput FTIR spectroscopic analysis of mycelia, Int. J. Food Microbiol. 168–169, 32–41 (2014). doi:10.1016/J.IJFOODMICRO.2013.10.011. [Google Scholar]
P. Heraud, B.R. Wood, M.J. Tobin, J. Beardall, D. McNaughton, Mapping of nutrient-induced biochemical changes in living algal cells using synchrotron infrared microspectroscopy, FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 249, 219–225 (2005). doi:10.1016/J.FEMSLE.2005.06.021. [Google Scholar]
P. FU, S. HU, J. XIANG, L. SUN, T. YANG, A. ZHANG, J. ZHANG, Mechanism Study of Rice Straw Pyrolysis by Fourier Transform Infrared Technique, Chin. J. Chem. Eng. 17, 522–529 (2009). doi:10.1016/S1004-9541(08)60240-2. [Google Scholar]
Dilek (Yalcin) Duygu, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy for identification of Chlorella vulgaris Beijerinck 1890 and Scenedesmus obliquus (Turpin) Kützing 1833, Afr. J. Biotechnol. 11, 3817–3824 (2012). doi:10.5897/ajb11.1863. [Google Scholar]
J. Eshun, L. Wang, E. Ansah, A. Shahbazi, K. Schimmel, V. Kabadi, S. Aravamudhan, Characterization of the physicochemical and structural evolution of biomass particles during combined pyrolysis and CO₂ gasification, Journal of the Energy Institute. 1–12 (2017). doi:10.1016/j.joei.2017.11.003. [Google Scholar]
K.J. Gaffney, P.H. Davis, I.R. Piletic, N.E. Levinger, M.D. Fayer, Hydrogen bond dissociation and reformation in methanol oligomers following hydroxyl stretch relaxation, Journal of Physical Chemistry A. 106, 12012–12023 (2002). doi:10.1021/jp021696g. [Google Scholar]
R. Abraham, J. George, J. Thomas, K.K.M. Yusuff, Physicochemical characterization and possible applications of the waste biomass ash from oleoresin industries of India, Fuel. 109, 366–372 (2013). doi:10.1016/J.FUEL.2013.02.067. [Google Scholar]
S. Munshi, R.P. Sharma, Investigation on the pozzolanic properties of rice straw ash prepared at different temperatures, Materials Express. 8, 157–164 (2018). doi:10.1166/MEX.2018.1416. [Google Scholar]

Current usage metrics show cumulative count of Article Views (full-text article views including HTML views, PDF and ePub downloads, according to the available data) and Abstracts Views on Vision4Press platform.

Data correspond to usage on the plateform after 2015. The current usage metrics is available 48-96 hours after online publication and is updated daily on week days.

Initial download of the metrics may take a while.