A robust method to identify the occurrence of a runoff-generated debris flow

¹ Department of Geological Sciences and Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, USA
² Landslide Hazards Program, United States Geological Survey, Golden, Colorado, USA
³ California Geological Survey, Redding, California, USA

Abstract

Debris flows generated by rainfall runoff can occur in rocky alpine landscapes and burned steeplands. Runoff-generated debris-flow events are commonly composed of a series of dense granular surge fronts separated by water-rich flows. Owing to this intra-event variability in flow composition and mechanics, post-event interpretations of preserved sedimentary deposits, or lack thereof, can result in a dizzying mix of interpretations that range from clearwater flow to debris flow. Accurate identification of the presence or absence of a debris flow during a runoff event is critical for building empirical models used to predict likelihood of debris-flow occurrence, rainfall thresholds, and flow properties. Here, we propose a simple, quantitative method to identify the occurrence of a runoff-generated debris flow, based on a dimensionless discharge Q_* calculated as the ratio of the peak event discharge Q_p to the theoretical maximum clearwater runoff rate Q_w. Using a preliminary compilation of Q_* values from floods and runoff-generated debris flows, we find 98% of floods have Q_* values < 1.6, whereas 91% of debris flows have Q_* values greater than 1.6. Estimating Q_* is typically straightforward as part of standard post-event reconnaissance if suitable rainfall estimates are available, and appears to be a robust indicator that runoff-generated debris flows traversed a particular portion of a valley network.