Major clinical advances of depression: now and future

¹ The Bolles School, 7400 San Jose Blvd, Jacksonville, FL 32217, United States.
² Long Island Lutheran Middle & High school, Glen Head, NY, 11545.
³ Saint Anthony's High School, South Huntington, NY, 11747, United States.
⁴ Shen Wai International School, Nanshan, Shenzhen, 518053, China.

^† These authors contributed equally to this work.
^* Corresponding author: guanghua.ren@gecacademy.cn

Abstract

Depression, as one of the largest influence disorders, needs more attention on its growing patients. Medicine treatment has been seeing as the major treatment for depression. As one of the most commonly used medicine, Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIS) increases serotonin levels to treat depression effectively, and the data from clinical data prove its value. Furthermore, Serotonin and Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs) and Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs) treat depression by affecting at least one neurotransmitter, generally is chemical in the brain and digestive system. Other therapies were mostly as an auxiliary, such as psychological therapy, Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT), Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS), and Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS). These therapies often work effectively by stimulating neurotransmitters’ activity and increasing the activeness of the reward system. After new study and technology production, new development like ketamine can satisfy Individual Differences by more detailed inspection. Optogenetics in auxiliary treatment can be another way to increase the exactness of ECT and VNS after solving problems such as actual circuits in the whole network. In this review, we first focus mostly on drug treatments. We then summarize current information for other treatments and discuss the mechanisms that lead to in effect. Ultimately, we predict future development in the drug and optogenetics area. The previous study on depression treatment leads us a way to discover a future solution.