A Review on QUAL2K Water Quality Model: Comparative Analysis with Other Models, Recent Advances and Future Directions

River Engineering and Urban Drainage Research Centre (REDAC), Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Seberang Perai Selatan, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia

^* Corresponding author: aidasaad@usm.my

Abstract

Sustainable water management refers to the utilization of water resources in a manner that fulfills present ecological, social, and economic requirements without undermining the potential to satisfy those requirements in the future. In this approach, water quality models are essential tools to provide important information for protecting and improving water resources over the long term. Several models, including QUAL2K, BATHTUB, EFDC, MIKE, and WASP, are commonly used in the development of Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs). While these models employ different approaches, QUAL2K is recognized for its user-friendly design and reliable results. However, as water quality management becomes more complex, there is an increasing need to enhance QUAL2K’s functionality through integration with other programs. This review also explores the comparative analysis of BATHTUB, EFDC, MIKE, and WASP and outlines the QUAL2K model’s future directions. This paper provides valuable insights into the QUAL2K model, helping researchers to understand the model and choose the most suitable model for specific water quality challenges. It can also equip them with the knowledge to make informed decisions for effective water management.