Fabrication of Functionally Graded Materials through Severe Plastic Deformation of Powders: Process, Significance, and Future Development

¹ Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dedan Kimathi University of Technology, Nyeri, Kenya
² School of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
³ Department of Mechanical & Construction Engineering, Northumbria University, Newcastle, UK
⁴ Department of Mechanical Engineering Science, University of Johannesburg, South Africa

^* Corresponding author: fredrick.mwema@northumbria.ac.uk

Abstract

Functionally graded materials (FGMs) are a remarkable invention in materials science and engineering, that offers unique properties useful in various applications. Having the ability to gradually change properties, like composition, microstructure, or mechanical properties of materials, gives FGMs unparalleled adaptability, making them suited for a wide range of high-strength applications. One of the novel methods of creating FGMs is to use severe plastic deformation (SPD) techniques on powdered materials. The SPD of powders involves a few critical steps; The process begins with selecting materials with varied compositions and phases then mixing the powders, cold compaction, SPD methods, and, if necessary, heat treatment. The process is completed with characterization and testing, to evaluate the microstructure and characteristics of the final FGM formed.

FGMs will continue transforming materials engineering and pushing the boundaries of their applications in many engineering fields and industries since they exhibit attractive capabilities like improved efficiency, durability, and performance. Therefore, this article explores the process of fabricating FGMs by SPD and emphasizes its significance and future trends in FGM production.