Utilization of remote sensing and GIS approach for surface water monitoring in the Najaf Sea, Al-Najaf providence, Iraq: An overview

Surveying Engineering Department, Engineering Technical College-Baghdad-Middle Technical University, Baghdad, Iraq

^* Corresponding author: ACC0011@mtu.edu.iq

Abstract

This study aims to review the studies conducted on the Najaf Sea using remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS) to develop effective water resource management plans and promote environmental sustainability. The studies focused on environmental changes, land use/land cover classification, hydrological modeling and water quality assessment of the Najaf Sea. Sentinel-2 and Landsat satellite images were the most commonly used data sources, with classification methods such as maximum likelihood algorithm and spectral indices (NDVI, NDWI, NDBI and NDSI) applied to detect land cover changes. Hydrological simulations were performed using the SWAT model, while climate classification methods analyzed regional climate characteristics. Water quality assessment was based on physical and chemical indicators, with total dissolved solids (TDS) being the most frequently evaluated parameter. GIS-based spatial analyses and statistical correlation techniques provided insights into environmental impacts, over-nutrientification and urbanization. Water quality analysis of the Najaf Sea revealed significant variations in salinity and pollution levels due to evaporation, agricultural runoff, and seasonal fluctuations.