Exploring the nexus between life cycle assessment and energy efficiency in buildings: A literature review

Cracow University of Technology, CUT Doctoral School, Faculty of Civil Engineering, 31-155 Cracow, Poland

^* Corresponding author: jakub.krzempek@doktorant.pk.edu.pl

Abstract

The article provides a review of the interrelationship between energy efficiency and life cycle assessment of buildings. This dual focus addresses two priorities: achieving high energy efficiency and minimizing environmental impacts throughout a building's life cycle. The review explores the synergies and trade-offs between these objectives, emphasizing their significance in aligning with global and regional regulatory frameworks, e.g. EU eco-design directives. The primary aim is to synthesize findings from existing studies, offering insights into methodological approaches and shared conclusions, especially regarding the impact distribution. The review high-lights key contributions, such as the predominance of the operational phase in environmental impact (up to 70%), followed by renovation, construction, and end-of-life phases. Common methodological challenges include data uncertainty, evolving material properties, and energy mix assumptions. Findings accent the importance of integrated strategies, such as enhancing heating efficiency, using renewable energy sources, promoting recycled and low-impact materials, and optimizing building design for adaptability and resource efficiency. These insights support wider adoption of LCA-informed decision-making in construction, contributing to better material choices. The review lays a foundation for further research, deepening understanding of the interplay between energy efficiency and environmental impacts, fostering advancements in eco-design and renovation strategies for both new and existing buildings.