The source of rainfall and others reference

BRIN, National Research and Innovation Agency, Directorate of Indicator Measurement of Research Technology and Innovation Sciences, Jl. Thamrin No. 8 Jakarta, Indonesia.

^* Corresponding author: moch006@brin.go.id

Abstract

Rainfall plays a critical role in the hydrological cycle, affecting water availability, agriculture, and resource management. Understanding the sources of rainfall and the factors influencing its intensity and distribution is vital for addressing climate change and extreme weather events. This study aims to identify the primary sources of rainfall in Denpasar, assess the influence of meteorological, topographic, and human factors, and provide a comprehensive analysis supported by relevant literature. We employed both quantitative and qualitative approaches, analyzing rainfall data from meteorological stations (2021–2025), satellite-based atmospheric models, and a review of scientific journals and technical reports. Statistical analysis revealed that rainfall in the region is primarily driven by the monsoon cycle, local topography, and evaporation from surrounding water bodies. Human activities, particularly deforestation and urbanization, have been found to increase spatial rainfall variability. Furthermore, global climate models and regional studies indicate that climate change is amplifying the frequency of extreme rainfall events. The study concludes that both natural and anthropogenic factors shape rainfall patterns, with land-use change playing a significant role. Effective water resource management requires integrating meteorological data and evidence-based policies to mitigate climate change impacts.