Spots Identification of Natural Erosion for Hakka Rammed Earth Building: Zhang Bishi Residence Case in China

¹ School of Art and Design, Guangzhou Institute of Science and Technology, Guangzhou, 510540, China
² School of Architecture and Built Environment, FETBE, UCSI University, Kuala Lum 56000, Malaysia

^* Corresponding author: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

Abstract

The Hakka earth-rammed enclosed-dragon house, a distinctive architectural heritage in Lingnan region, holds immense conservation value. However, it faces numerous challenges from natural degradation and restoration complexities. This study analyzes the natural influencing factors, noting that in Lingnan, with small temperature variations, wind, rain, and solar radiation are the primary factors affecting its conservation and restoration. Using Rhino and Grasshopper, the paper analyzes wind and solar exposure conditions of Zhang Bishi’s Residence, a representative case study. The simulation results align with field observations and scholarly findings, revealing that areas exposed to high wind speeds and low solar radiation suffer more severe deterioration. In contrast, the rear parts of the courtyard—shielded from wind and better lit—experience less damage. The study identifies varying degrees of natural wear across different orientations of the structure, highlighting the need for targeted protection. Based on these insights, the paper proposes a comprehensive conservation strategy from four perspectives: material composition, construction techniques, external protective measures, and long-term maintenance. This research offers a rapid, data- supported diagnostic approach for preserving rammed earth structures in humid climates and contributes theoretical and practical value to their sustainable conservation and cultural inheritance.