Eco-Efficient Nickel: Heap Leaching as a Game-Changer for Indonesia’s Nickel Industry

Department of Process Engineering, PT Terramet Metallurgy Solution, Indonesia

^* Corresponding author: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

Abstract

Indonesia, home to the world’s largest nickel laterite reserves, plays a vital role in global stainless steel and EV battery supply chains. Traditionally dominated by energy and capital-intensive pyrometallurgical methods (RKEF and BF), the industry has recently introduced hydrometallurgical HPAL technology to meet EV battery demand. However, both methods are environmentally burdensome and leave parts of laterite reserves unutilized, fueling Indonesia’s image as a “dirty nickel” producer. Heap leaching offers a compelling alternative: a low-cost, scalable, and eco-efficient hydrometallurgical process well- suited to Indonesia’s tropical laterites and low-grade ores. It improves ore utilization, reduces emissions and operational costs, and generates more stable tailings suitable for rehabilitation or use as plantation media. The process also enables recovery of by-products like magnesium sulfate, supporting circular economy practices and unlocking new revenue. Operational flexibility allows heap leaching to produce nickel for both stainless steel and battery-grade markets. Compared to conventional methods, it offers advantages in emissions, water use, waste management, economics, and local knowledge transfer. Embracing this technology could redefine Indonesia’s nickel sector, positioning the country as a leader in clean and responsible mineral extraction.