EDP Sciences logo
Web of Conferences logo
Search
Menu
All issues Volume 730 (2026) E3S Web Conf., 730 (2026) 04001 References
Open Access
Issue
E3S Web Conf.
Volume 730, 2026
International Conference on Advances and Innovations in Soft Soil Engineering (Soft Soils 2026)
Article Number 04001
Number of page(s) 7
Section Ground Improvement and Low-Carbon Solutions
DOI https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202673004001
Published online 03 August 2026
  1. Environment, U. N., Scrivener, K. L., John, V. M., & Gartner, E. M. Eco-efficient cements: Potential economically viable solutions for a low-CO2 cement-based materials industry. Cem. Concr. Res., 114, 2–26 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2018.03.015 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  2. Y. C. Díaz, S. S. Berriel, U. Heierli, A. R. Favier, I. R. S. Machado, K. L. Scrivener, G. Habert, Limestone calcined clay cement as a low-carbon solution to meet expanding cement demand in emerging economies. Dev. Eng. 2, 82–91 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.deveng.2017.06.001 [Google Scholar]
  3. Zunino, F., & Scrivener, K. L. (2023). Calcined Clay Cements (LC³): A Comparison. Proceedings of the 75th RILEM Annual Week 2021: Advances in Sustainable Construction Materials and Structures, 60. [Google Scholar]
  4. F. Avet, K. Scrivener, Investigation of the calcined kaolinite content on the hydration of Limestone Calcined Clay Cement (LC3). Cem. Concr. Res. 107, 124–135 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2018.02.016 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  5. N. Ijaz, W. Ye, Z. ur Rehman, Z. Ijaz, Novel application of low carbon limestone calcined clay cement (LC3) in expansive soil stabilization: An eco-efficient approach. J. Clean. Prod. 371, 133492 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.133492 [Google Scholar]
  6. O. B. Adegun, Y. M. D. Adedeji, Review of economic and environmental benefits of earthen materials for housing in Africa. Front. Archit. Res. 6(4), 519–528 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foar.2017.08.003 [Google Scholar]
  7. A. Ventura, C. Ouellet-Plamondon, M. Röck, T. Hecht, V. Roy, P. Higuera, G. Habert, “Environmental potential of earth-based building materials: Key facts and issues from a life cycle assessment perspective” in Testing and Characterisation of Earth-based Building Materials and Elements, (Springer International Publishing, Cham, 2021), pp. 261–296. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-83297-1_8 [Google Scholar]
  8. T. Meng, Y. Qiang, A. Hu, X. C. Xu, L. Lin, Effect of compound nano-CaCO3 addition on strength development and microstructure of cement-stabilized soil in the marine environment. Constr. Build. Mater. 151, 775–781 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.06.016 [Google Scholar]
  9. R. Tanzadeh, M. Vafaeian, M. Y. Fard, Effects of micro-nano-lime (CaCO3) particles on the strength and resilience of road clay beds. Constr. Build. Mater. 217, 193–201 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.05.048 [Google Scholar]
  10. J. Karimi Azar, A. A. Heshmati, N. Isazadefar, Investigation on the strength of Tabriz clay stabilized with nano-silica. In: National Conference of Civil, Architecture and Urban Development Conference of Muslim World Countries, Tabriz, Iran, May 10 (2018). [Google Scholar]
  11. Wang, Z., Lan, W., Jia, Z., Jiang, T., Liu, X., Wang, G., & Hu, M. (2026). Effects of Four Nanomaterials on the Performance and Microstructure of Coal Gangue-Based Geopolymers. Materials, 19(6), 1095. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19061095 [Google Scholar]
  12. Ashraf, M. A., Rahman, S. S., Faruk, M. O., & Bashar, M. A. (2018). Determination of optimum cement content for stabilization of soft soil and durability analysis of soil stabilized with cement. American Journal of Civil Engineering, 6(1), 39–43. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajce.20180601.17 [Google Scholar]
  13. Rehman, Z. U., Rauf, M., Chaozhe, J., Xu, F., Jamal, A., Rahman, A., & Iqbal, J. (2025). Clayey soil stabilization with ordinary Portland cement using the stabilized soil as a mortar. Discover Geoscience, 3(1), 30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44288-025-00135-4 [Google Scholar]
  14. Qiu, X., Lai, Z., Zuo, J., & Li, W. (2025). Synergistic stabilization of expansive soil using ultrafine high-reactivity fly ash and calcium carbide slag: performance optimization and microstructural insights. Frontiers in Materials, 12, 1710809. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmats.2025.1710809 [Google Scholar]
  15. Estabragh, A. R., Jahani, A., Javadi, A. A., & Babalar, M. (2022). Assessment of different agents for stabilisation of a clay soil. International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 23(2), 160–170. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2020.1736293 [Google Scholar]
  16. J. N. Gonthier, W. Wilson, F. Georget, K. Scrivener, Advanced characterization of chloride binding in OPC and LC³ pastes (2021). [Google Scholar]
  17. ASTM D4318-17e1, Standard Test Methods for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, and Plasticity Index of Soils (2018). [Google Scholar]
  18. ASTM D698-12, Standard Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12,400 ft-lbf/ft3 (600 kN-m/m3)) (2021). [Google Scholar]
  19. ASTM International, Standard test methods for moisture-density (unit weight) relations of soil-cement mixtures (ASTM D558/D558M-19) (2019). [Google Scholar]
  20. S. A. N. K. A. R. Bhattacharja, J. I. Bhatty, H. A. Todres, Stabilization of clay soils by Portland cement or lime–a critical review of literature. PCA R&D Serial. 60(1), 124–133 (2003). [Google Scholar]
  21. A. A. Mohammed, H. Nahazanan, N. A. M. Nasir, G. F. Huseien, A. H. Saad, Calcium-based binders in concrete or soil stabilization: Challenges, problems, and calcined clay as partial replacement to produce low-carbon cement. Materials. 16(5), 2020 (2023). https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16052020 [Google Scholar]
  22. R. Li, L. Lei, J. Plank, Impact of metakaolin content and fineness on the behavior of calcined clay blended cements admixed with HPEG PCE superplasticizer. Cem. Concr. Compos. 133, 104654 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2022.104654 [Google Scholar]
  23. H. Sharma, D. K. Ashish, Nano CaCO3 for enhancing properties of cement-based materials: A comprehensive review. J. Sustain. Cem. Based Mater. 12(12), 1475–1494 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1080/21650373.2023.2233512 [Google Scholar]
  24. B. Lei, X. Zhang, H. Fan, J. Gao, Y. Du, Y. Ji, Z. Gao, Effects of Nano-SiO2 and Nano-CaCO3 on Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of Cement-Based Soil Stabilizer. Nanomaterials. 15(11), 785 (2025). https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15110785 [Google Scholar]
  25. A. M. Abdelbaset, D. Katunský, M. Zeleňáková, M. H. El-Feky, Mechanical properties stabilization of low plasticity Kaolin soil using fly ash and hydrated lime. Case Stud. Constr. Mater. 21, e03662 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2024.e03662 [Google Scholar]
  26. J. M. Marangu, L. M. Mugambi, J. T. Ratumo, L. Valentini, “Preliminary Assessment of Limestone Calcined Clay Cement (LC3) in Soil Stabilization for Geotechnical Applications” in RILEM Spring Convention and Conference, (Springer Nature Switzerland, Cham, 2024), pp. 179–188. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-70277-8_21 [Google Scholar]
  27. Yazıcı, E., Unsever, Y. S. Investigation of cement and fly ash on the improvement of fine sand soil. App. Sci., 14(7), 2908 (2024). https://doi.org/10.3390/app14072908 [Google Scholar]

Current usage metrics show cumulative count of Article Views (full-text article views including HTML views, PDF and ePub downloads, according to the available data) and Abstracts Views on Vision4Press platform.

Data correspond to usage on the plateform after 2015. The current usage metrics is available 48-96 hours after online publication and is updated daily on week days.

Initial download of the metrics may take a while.