Synthesis of SnO₂ for Thermoelectric Applications Using the Hydrothermal, Co-precipitation, and Co-Precipitation Sonication Methods

¹ Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics, State University of Malang, Jl. Semarang 5, Malang 65145, Indonesia
² Center of Advanced Materials for Renewable Energy (CAMRY), State University of Malang, Jl. Semarang 5, Malang 65145, Indonesia

^* Corresponding author: markus.diantoro.fmipa@um.ac.id

Abstract

Tin oxide (SnO₂) holds promise in thermoelectric applications. The paper explores the preparation of SnO₂ nanoparticles by employing various methods. Synthesis of SnO₂ material is carried out using a comparison of several methods, including the hydrothermal method, co-precipitation method, and co- precipitation sonication. This comparison aims to identify the most efficient method for SnO₂ synthesis with the best performance in thermoelectric applications. Characterization techniques such as SEM-EDX, XRD, and thermoelectric properties, electrical resistivity, electrical conductivity were utilized. Results obtained in the thermoelectric performance test, specifically electrical resistivity and electrical conductivity, showed a decrease in resistivity with increasing temperature for all three methods. In the hydrothermal method, excessively high temperatures led to difficulties in accurately measuring electrical resistivity. The co- precipitation method proved to be the most effective for SnO₂ synthesis.